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DiVincenzo’s Essential QC Checklist

admin — Sat, 25 Nov 2023 12:42:31 +0000

Quantum computing stands at the forefront of revolutionary technology, promising to redefine computational boundaries. At its heart lie DiVincenzo’s criteria, established by physicist David DiVincenzo, which serve as the foundational checklist for creating functional quantum computers.

DiVincenzo, a pivotal figure in quantum computing, proposed a set of criteria in 2000 that has since become the gold standard for assessing the functionality of quantum computers. These criteria address the core aspects of quantum system manipulation, ensuring that quantum computers can perform effectively and reliably. DiVincenzo key criteria were:

Well-Defined Qubits: At the core of quantum computing are qubits, which unlike classical bits, can exist in multiple states simultaneously. DiVincenzo emphasizes the need for clearly defined qubits for any quantum system.

Initial State Setting: Setting the initial state of qubits is crucial for predictable computing outcomes.

Long Decoherence Times: Quantum information is fragile. DiVincenzo stresses the importance of qubits maintaining their state long enough to perform computations.

Universal Quantum Gate Set: The criteria specifies the necessity of a set of quantum gates that can perform any quantum computation – a concept akin to universal gates in classical computing.

Qubit-Specific Measurement Capability: The ability to measure individual qubits without disturbing the entire system is essential for obtaining computation results.

The Additional Two Criteria for Quantum Communication:

Ability to Interconvert Stationary and Flying Qubits: This involves converting stationary qubits (for computation) into flying qubits (for communication) and vice versa.

Ability to Faithfully Transmit Flying Qubits Between Locations: Ensuring that qubits can be transmitted without loss of information is vital for quantum communication networks.

The application of DiVincenzo’s criteria is evident in quantum computing endeavours worldwide. However, achieving these criteria in practical, scalable systems remains a significant challenge. The ongoing research is focused on overcoming these hurdles, paving the way for robust quantum computing solutions.

DiVincenzo’s criteria continue to guide research and development in quantum computing. Advancements in quantum error correction, qubit scalability, and quantum algorithms are expected to bring us closer to realizing fully functional quantum computers, potentially unlocking solutions to some of the world’s most complex problems.

These criteria’s are more than a set of technical requirements; they are a roadmap guiding the journey towards operational quantum computing. As research progresses, these criteria will undoubtedly evolve, but their foundational role in the development of quantum computing is indisputable.

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Z Calculus: Computational Rosetta Stone

admin — Sat, 25 Nov 2023 12:40:53 +0000

Quantum computing promises to surpass the limitations of classical computing, solving problems deemed intractable for today’s supercomputers. At the heart of this quantum leap is an intricate mathematical framework, and one of its unsung heroes is Z calculus. This article explores the pivotal role of Z calculus in quantum computing, unraveling its potential to unlock new computational capabilities.

Z calculus, often overshadowed by its more famous counterparts like lambda calculus, is a branch of mathematical logic used for abstracting and analyzing computation. It operates on the principle of equational reasoning, allowing for the manipulation of mathematical expressions in a form that is both expressive and conducive to automation. This quality makes Z calculus particularly appealing in the context of quantum computing, where the complexity of operations often requires highly abstracted forms of reasoning.

Quantum computing utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to process information in ways fundamentally different from classical computing. Qubits, the basic units of quantum information, can exist in multiple states simultaneously, offering exponential growth in computational power. However, harnessing this power necessitates a deep understanding of complex mathematical operations, which is where Z calculus enters the picture.

The idiosyncrasies of quantum algorithms, with their intricate operations on qubits, demand a mathematical language that can encapsulate and manipulate high-level concepts with precision. Z calculus serves as this computational Rosetta Stone, translating the abstract notions of quantum mechanics into a structured form that can be reasoned about and optimized.

Developing quantum algorithms is a task fraught with challenges, requiring not only quantum intuition but also a robust mathematical foundation. Z calculus aids in formalizing quantum algorithms, making it possible to abstract away from the low-level quantum circuit model. This high-level abstraction is crucial for creating more efficient algorithms, which are the engines of quantum computation.

One of the most significant hurdles in quantum computing is error correction. Quantum information is delicate, and errors can arise easily, making computations unreliable. Z calculus contributes to the development of quantum error correction codes, offering a framework for modelling and understanding errors within quantum systems, and thus, paving the way for more reliable quantum computers.

As quantum computing moves from theory to practice, the role of mathematical tools like Z calculus becomes increasingly important. By providing a foundation for the analysis and optimization of quantum algorithms, Z calculus is instrumental in the transition towards a quantum computing future.

The potential of Z calculus in quantum computing cannot be overstated. As we stand on the cusp of a new computational era, the mathematical rigor and abstraction provided by Z calculus will be paramount in harnessing the full power of quantum computing. For researchers, engineers, and enthusiasts alike, a strong grasp of Z calculus could well be the key to unlocking the myriad mysteries and opportunities presented by quantum computing.

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Advantage Quantum Annealers

admin — Sat, 25 Nov 2023 12:38:21 +0000

Within the quantum domain, two distinct types of devices have emerged: quantum computers and quantum annealers. This article explores the unique aspects of quantum annealers, their differences from traditional quantum computers, and their practical applications in solving complex problems.

Quantum annealing is a computational technique used in quantum computing to find the minimum of a function over a given set of candidate solutions. Quantum annealers employ quantum superposition and tunneling to explore a vast solution space more efficiently than classical methods. These devices are specifically designed to solve optimization problems by gradually transitioning from a quantum-mechanical superposition of states representing all possible solutions to a final state representing the optimal solution.

Specialized for Optimization: Quantum annealers are highly specialized for solving optimization and sampling problems, making them ideal for specific tasks such as logistics, finance, and machine learning.

Quantum Tunneling: They leverage quantum tunneling, a phenomenon where particles traverse energy barriers, to escape local minima, potentially leading to faster discovery of the global minimum in a problem.

Energy Landscape Exploration: Quantum annealers operate by exploring the energy landscape of a problem and finding the lowest energy state, which corresponds to the optimal solution.

Quantum Annealers Vs Quantum Computers

Quantum computers are designed for a broader range of applications, including complex simulations and cryptographic tasks. In contrast, quantum annealers are tailored for specific optimization problems. While both use qubits, the annealer’s qubits are used differently, focusing on finding the lowest energy state of a system rather than performing general quantum calculations. Quantum computers often require sophisticated error correction techniques, while quantum annealers typically do not, owing to their specialized applications and methods of operation. From logistics optimization to portfolio management in finance, quantum annealers can tackle complex optimization tasks more efficiently than classical computers. They are instrumental in understanding material properties and molecular structures by exploring possible configurations. In the field of machine learning, quantum annealers aid in training algorithms and optimizing neural networks.

Quantum annealers represent a specialized branch of quantum computing, distinct from general-purpose quantum computers. Their unique approach to problem-solving, particularly in optimization tasks, offers significant advantages over classical methods. As this technology continues to evolve, we can expect quantum annealers to play an increasingly prominent role in solving complex, real-world problems, marking a new era in computational capabilities.

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What is Quantum Tunneling?

admin — Sat, 25 Nov 2023 12:36:01 +0000

Quantum tunneling is a fundamental phenomenon in quantum mechanics that has profound implications in various fields of physics and technology. This article delves into the concept of quantum tunneling, its principles, and its impact on technological advancements.

Quantum tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where particles pass through potential barriers, even when they seemingly lack the energy to do so. This counterintuitive behavior, impossible in classical physics, is a direct consequence of the principles of quantum mechanics, particularly the wave-like nature of particles.

Key Principles of Quantum Tunneling

Wave-Particle Duality: Central to understanding quantum tunneling is the wave-particle duality of matter. Particles like electrons exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties.

Probability Waves: Quantum mechanics describes particles as probability waves. When these waves encounter potential barriers, a portion of the wave can penetrate the barrier, allowing the particle to appear on the other side.

Uncertainty Principle: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle plays a role in tunneling, as it allows particles to have transient energy fluctuations, enabling them to tunnel through barriers.

Quantum tunneling is crucial in the operation of many semiconductor devices, including tunnel diodes and transistors used in modern electronics. Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STMs) which rely on tunneling, provide atomic-level images of materials, revolutionizing material science and nanotechnology. Quantum bits (qubits) in quantum computers exploit tunneling for data processing and storage, leading to groundbreaking computational speeds.

Tunneling can also explain nuclear fusion in stars, including our sun, where temperature and pressure conditions are insufficient for classical overcoming of nuclear forces. Recent studies suggest that quantum tunneling may also play a role in biological processes like photosynthesis and enzyme actions, offering a new perspective on biological mechanisms.

The ongoing research and development in quantum physics promise to harness the potential of quantum tunneling further. Innovations in quantum computing, nanotechnology, and even quantum teleportation could redefine our technological capabilities.

Quantum tunneling remains one of the most intriguing and essential aspects of quantum mechanics, with significant applications in technology and potential in various scientific fields. Its study not only deepens our understanding of the quantum world but also drives innovation in countless applications.

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Neutral Atoms QC: The Next Wave

admin — Wed, 01 Nov 2023 08:29:16 +0000

The quantum computing landscape is as vast and varied as the quantum principles it stands upon. One particular approach generating waves in the industry is neutral atom quantum computing. But what exactly is it? And which companies are spearheading this advancement? Dive in with us as we explore this electrifying avenue of this quantum technology.

What is Neutral Atom Quantum Computing?

Before delving into the intricacies of neutral atom quantum computing, let’s take a quantum leap back and revisit the basics of quantum computing. Instead of the traditional binary bits (0 or 1), quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in a superposition of states.

In neutral atom quantum computing, these qubits are represented by neutral atoms, typically held in place by optical tweezers or magnetic traps. The primary advantage of using neutral atoms is their inherent resistance to environmental disturbances, leading to longer coherence times. This means they can process information longer without errors compared to other qubit types.

The Front-runners in Neutral Atom Quantum Computing

This emerging field of quantum computation hasn’t gone unnoticed by tech enthusiasts and investors. Several pioneering companies are charting the course for neutral atom quantum advances:

Infleqtion/ColdQuanta: Aptly named, ColdQuanta focuses on cold atom technology. They harness the power of ultra-cold, neutral atoms to create quantum systems with superior performance metrics. Their cutting-edge technology aims to advance everything from quantum computing to sensing and timekeeping.

Atom Computing: Founded on the promise of neutral atom quantum computing, Atom Computing uses optically trapped neutral atoms as qubits. Their goal is to develop scalable and error-resistant quantum computers that surpass the limitations of existing platforms.

Pasqal: A notable player in this space, Pasqal designs quantum processors using neutral atoms arranged in 2D and 3D arrays. Their technology has potential applications in optimization, simulation, and machine learning tasks that could revolutionize several industries.

Neutral Atoms: The Quantum of the Future?

Neutral atom quantum computing, with its promise of longer coherence times and scalability, has the potential to propel quantum technology to new heights. The robustness and stability offered by neutral atoms may be the key to unlocking quantum computers’ vast potential.

As companies like Infleqtion, Atom Computing, and Pasqal lead the charge, the neutral atom approach could soon carve its niche in the quantum revolution, shaping the future of computation.

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Entanglement Swap: A Quantum Leap in Quantum Computing

admin — Wed, 01 Nov 2023 08:27:02 +0000

Quantum computing is on the brink of revolutionizing the world of information processing. Unlike classical computers that rely on bits to represent data as either 0 or 1, quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in a superposition of both states simultaneously. This property enables quantum computers to perform certain tasks exponentially faster than classical computers. One crucial concept that plays a pivotal role in quantum computing is entanglement swap. In this article, we will explore what entanglement swap is and how it is utilized in the realm of quantum computing.

To grasp the significance of entanglement swap, one must first understand entanglement. In the strange and mesmerizing world of quantum mechanics, entanglement is a phenomenon where two or more particles become correlated to the extent that the state of one particle instantaneously influences the state of another, even when they are separated by vast distances. This phenomenon, famously referred to as “spooky action at a distance” by Einstein, is at the core of many quantum applications.

The Concept of Entanglement Swap

Entanglement swap is a quantum operation that allows the entanglement of particles to be transferred or swapped between distant qubits. This operation is essential for quantum information processing, as it enables the creation of complex quantum states and facilitates communication between different parts of a quantum computer.

The entanglement swap process involves three qubits, A, B, and C, which are initially in a state where A is entangled with B, and B is entangled with C. By performing specific quantum operations, the entanglement can be “swapped” from A-B and B-C to A-C. This operation can be repeated to create larger entangled states, which are crucial for quantum algorithms and error correction.

Applications in Quantum Computing

Quantum Teleportation: Entanglement swap is a fundamental component of quantum teleportation, a process that allows the state of one qubit to be transmitted to another qubit instantaneously, while destroying the original qubit. This has implications for secure quantum communication.
Quantum Error Correction: Quantum computers are inherently susceptible to errors due to their fragile qubits. Entanglement swap plays a vital role in quantum error correction codes, helping to detect and correct errors that can occur during quantum computations.
Quantum Networking: Entanglement swap is a key technology for building quantum networks. These networks could enable secure communication and distributed quantum computing across large distances.
Quantum Algorithms: Many quantum algorithms, such as those for factoring large numbers (Shor’s algorithm) and simulating quantum systems (quantum chemistry simulations), rely on entangled states created through entanglement swap operations.

While entanglement swap is a crucial tool in the quantum computing toolbox, it also presents challenges. Maintaining and controlling entangled states over long distances and ensuring the fidelity of the entanglement swap operations are ongoing areas of research.

In the future, as quantum computing technology continues to advance, entanglement swap will likely play an even more significant role in enabling practical and powerful quantum computations. Its ability to create and manipulate complex quantum states will open doors to solving problems that were once thought impossible with classical computers.

Entanglement swap is a fascinating and indispensable concept in the world of quantum computing. It allows for the creation and manipulation of entangled states, which are fundamental for quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, quantum networking, and more. As we delve deeper into the era of quantum computing, the role of entanglement swap in shaping our technological landscape cannot be overstated. It represents one of the many awe-inspiring facets of quantum mechanics that are propelling us into a new era of computing and information processing.

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Quantum Money

admin — Thu, 19 Oct 2023 16:33:46 +0000

Quantum Guru aims to bring to its readers interesting topics and ideas that are being discussed in the world of quantum computing applications. Today we touch on the financial domain, which is increasingly viewed as an area where quantum can have both positive and negative impact. We have written before that cryptography is important for the operations of classical financial and future financial systems.

Iti is assumed that quantum computers can break even the most complex crypto cores used in classical financial systems. As a result, current financial systems are in a state of flux and are continually evolving. The primary quest is for unbreakable security and heightened privacy that is significantly more complex than ever before . One of the breakthrough by-products of this quest is the emergence of a potentially transformative idea of Quantum Money.

Similar to other quantum application ideas, quantum money fuses untypical properties of quantum mechanics with the essence of monetary transactions in order to create a secure, unforgeable currency system. Interestingly Quantum money is not a new concept. It was conceived in the early 1970s by Stephen Wiesner and uses the principles of quantum mechanics to create a currency system that cannot be theoretically forged. The resurfacing of this idea is natural as quantum computing threatens to render many classical cryptographic systems obsolete.

The underlying principles of Quantum money systems are dependent on two core properties of quantum mechanical, namely superposition and no-cloning theorem.

Superposition is a feature of a quantum system whereby it exists in several separate quantum states at the same time. Unlike classical bits which can only exist in a state of 0 or 1, quantum bits (qubits) can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both (a superposition). Quantum superposition can exponentially increase the information capacity and security measures that could be implemented in a currency system.
The No-Cloning theorem asserts that it’s impossible to create an identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. It prevents counterfeiting and is key for quantum money to be a reality.

Needless to say, there are several design recommendations for quantum money systems. It uses some concepts of classical banking systems. Essentially, the central bank generates and validates quantum banknotes thus making it impossible for anyone (including the central bank) to duplicate the notes.

Public-Key Quantum Money: This system allows anyone to verify a banknote’s authenticity but only the bank can create new notes. It was proposed by Scott Aaronson and Paul Christiano and the scheme relies on hidden subspaces which could only be identified with the bank’s secret key.
Private-Key Quantum Money: In contract to public-key systems, it allows only the bank to both create and validate the banknotes. This design imposes more stringent restrictions on who can authenticate transactions, potentially enhancing security.

Despite considerable obstacles, counterfeit-resistant currency is an exciting prospect. As quantum technology matures, the tantalizing dream of quantum money may inch closer to reality. It will offer a glimpse into a future where financial transactions are secure and private by the laws of quantum physics.

Not to mention that the Implementation of quantum money requires overcoming noteworthy challenges:

The stability of quantum states is a fundamental issue and quantum information tends to degrade over time.
The creation of a scalable and robust quantum money system necessitates advancements in quantum computing and quantum communications.

Quantum Guru readers will be awed by this fascinating theoretical concept of quantum money that could revolutionize financial security and can have real-world implications. Regardless of the technical and conceptual challenges, the race to harness the strange properties of quantum mechanics to create an unforgeable currency is well underway, marking a thrilling frontier in both the fields of quantum computing and cryptography.

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Quantum Internet

admin — Thu, 19 Oct 2023 16:31:14 +0000

The Internet is undoubtedly the prime innovation of mankind and the foundation was a defense project called ARPANET, which was fueled by the cold war and the need for sharing information among government researchers. Since then the internet has evolved as the mechanism for ubiquitous connectivity and information exchange for everyone. Evolving technologies such as AI/ML, time sensitive machine critical real time applications, ever increasing data demand etc. mandates the internet to be superlative performant with negligible latency. Towards this, the concept of a quantum internet is emerging as a revolutionary leap forward.

The quantum internet harnesses the properties of quantum mechanics unlike the internet of today AKA classical internet that relies on bits to transmit data. The fascinating world of quantum internet promises unprecedented levels of security and speed thereby creating a new era of communication.

Let’s first understand the concepts that make quantum internet neoteric. Fundamental principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition and entanglement enable use of matter and energy at the smallest scales, where the classical laws of physics break down. Superposition allows qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously, while entanglement ties the states of qubits in such a way that changes to one instantaneously affect the other, regardless of the distance separating them.

Quantum computing applications are critical for the evolution and adoption of the quantum internet. These applications not only have to be real world, but also need to garner on user demand. Key applications such as Teleportation, everlasting (unbreakable) security, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), to name a few, are good use cases for quantum internet. Quantum guru has already written about these, please refer quantum cryptography and QKD, amongst other related articles.

Quantum teleportation is a breathtaking concept of quantum computing. It involves transmission of the quantum state of a quantum system (a particle or photon) over some extended distance with near-instantaneous speed, typically for quantum communication. It is sort of a misnomer since the actual particle or photon is not physically or instantaneously transmitted. Teleportation will revolutionize quantum computing and quantum networking, where real-time data transfer is critical.

Classical encryption methods are prone to be broken by powerful quantum computers. The impact could be devastating because almost all of the industries use classical encryption methods to protect digitally data that are either stored or transmitted. Thus security is a key component of quantum systems and here QKD is pivotal. Two (or more) qubits are said to be entangled if they have a combined, shared, common quantum state as if they were a single quantum system and individual qubits do not have an independent quantum state. Any attempt to measure the value of one qubit will be detected by other entangled ones. QKD uses the principles of entanglement to create encryption keys that are theoretically unbreakable.

The infrastructure needed for quantum communication is expensive and technologically challenging to both deploy and maintain. Qubits are extremely sensitive and could be easily perturbed by slightest entropy. This delicate nature is the biggest obstacle that the quantum research community is trying to address by advancing and realizing various quantum computing technologies. Researchers are continually working to develop more robust qubits and to extend the distances over which quantum communication can occur. Quantum satellites, like China’s Micius, have already demonstrated the feasibility of transmitting entangled photons over vast distances, potentially connecting the world in a quantum web. Though the quantum internet is still in its infancy, facing several daunting challenges, the progress in quantum technologies is relentless.

Quantum internet is a paradigm shift in the world of communication that exploits peculiar properties of quantum mechanics. It aims for unbreakable security and ultra-fast data transfer, promising to transform industries and the way we connect with the world. The potential benefits of the quantum internet are too profound to ignore making it an exciting frontier of technological progress. While challenges remain, owing to unabated research and development in this field Quantum Guru anticipates a future where the quantum internet is an integral part of our connected world.

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Quantum Clocks

admin — Thu, 19 Oct 2023 16:25:35 +0000

From the ancient sundials to the modern atomic clocks, humanity’s grasp over time has evolved in leaps and bounds. The relentless march of technological advancement has always been punctuated by our ability to measure and understand time. Now, at the forefront of this evolution, stands the quantum clock, a marvel that promises to redefine timekeeping. In its quest to bring to interesting topics and ideas for quantum computing applications, Quantum Guru here delves into what quantum clocks are and explores their potential impact on our future.

Precise working of Quantum Clock is important to understand. At its core, every clock operates by counting repetitive events, like the swinging of a pendulum or the vibration of an atom. Quantum clocks, however, are a breed apart. They harness the principles of quantum mechanics, the science that governs the tiniest particles in the universe, to count the oscillations of particles in specific quantum states. There are two primary types of quantum clocks:

Quantum Logic Clocks: These use a combination of ions. One ion serves as the timekeeper, oscillating between quantum states, while the other aids in measurement without disturbing the timekeeper ion.
Optical Lattice Clocks: Here, thousands of atoms are trapped in a grid of laser light, known as an optical lattice. These atoms oscillate between different energy levels, providing an incredibly precise ticking rate.

The precision offered by quantum clocks surpasses that of the best atomic clocks available today. While atomic clocks use the vibrations of atoms like cesium or rubidium, quantum clocks achieve even greater accuracy by exploiting the unique properties of quantum mechanics thereby achieving highest accuracy.

The unparalleled precision of quantum clocks is not just a scientific curiosity. They have profound implications for various fields, not limiting to :

Navigation and GPS: With more accurate timekeeping, global positioning systems can achieve even greater pinpoint accuracy. This could revolutionize a wide range of industries from transportation to disaster response.
Fundamental Physics: Quantum clocks can be used to test the bedrock principles of physics. Theories like relativity, which have stood unchallenged for over a century, could be tested with even greater rigor.
Space Exploration: As humanity ventures beyond our home planet, precise timekeeping becomes crucial for navigation, communication, and scientific experiments in deep space.
Telecommunications: Enhanced synchronization offered by quantum clocks can bolster the efficiency and reliability of global communication networks.
Financial Markets: Stock exchanges around the world, where milliseconds can mean millions, can benefit immensely from the precision of quantum clocks.
Earth Sciences: These clocks can aid in sensing the gravitational potential of the Earth with high precision, offering insights into climate change, sea-level rise, and even volcanic activities.

Quantum clocks represent the next frontier in human pursuit to understand and measure time. As we stand on the cusp of this new era, it’s thrilling to imagine a future shaped by these marvels of quantum mechanics. However, quantum clocks are not without their challenges. They require meticulously controlled environments, as even minuscule changes in conditions can affect their accuracy. Building and maintaining such clocks demands intricate technology and significant investment.

From space exploration to daily communication, the ripples of their impact could touch every facet of our lives. As with every technological leap, the promise they hold is as vast as the challenges they present. But one thing is certain: the future of timekeeping is quantum.

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An Overview for Hybrid Algorithm and Its Architecture

admin — Mon, 09 May 2022 20:01:38 +0000

What is a Hybrid Algorithm?

While you were skimming over quantum programming, you’ll probably heard of “hybrid quantum-classical computing”. Hybrid quantum-classical computing is a hot topic among quantum computing enthusiasts and it typically refers to a set of programs that runs on a quantum processor. Programs such as variational quantum algorithms and quantum approximate optimization algorithms.

But what does “hybrid” really mean?

In layman terms, “hybrid” means a program that runs both classical and quantum code. Quantum code is defined as a sequence of quantum gates that is applied to one or multiple qubits on a quantum device or quantum processing unit i.e. QPU. “Classical” refers to a program that runs on a regular computer, written in available programming language. Typically anyone can choose to easily interface with quantum computing services.

Hybrid quantum computing is the preferred industry term for a simple idea: “A quantum computer and a classical computer working together to solve a problem.” It is an approach that takes the form of a back-and-forth collaboration where different aspects of a problem are passed between the quantum and classical tools best suited for each stage. According to scientists, hybrid quantum-classical algorithms are maybe one of the best ways for users to get the most out of a current or near-term quantum computer. Keeping in mind the edge existing classical systems possess in terms of hardware, there are a lot of things in which classical computers are better, or faster at. By letting the classical computer do what it’s good at and quantum computers do what it’s good at, could be a better solution.

Hybrid architecture for quantum algorithms:

The gate-based quantum computers are not universal. On the other hand, global unitary operations like the shift operator cannot be expressed within the circuit model, cannot be equally applied to machines with unlimited and limited memory and cannot be assumed to be equally available on different quantum hardware architectures.

To overcome the above restrictions, quantum programming uses a classical universal language to define the actual sequence of elementary instructions for a quantum computer, so a program is not intended to run on a quantum computer itself, but on a (probabilistic) classical computer, which in turn controls a quantum computer and processes the results of measurements. In the terms of classical computer science, you can describe this setting as a universal computer with a quantum oracle. Figure 1 shows the hybrid architecture.

Quantum algorithms such as Shor’s algorithm are in two separate parts: First part is classical algorithm which can be done on a classical computer and second part is Quantum algorithm which can be done on a quantum computer or can be simulated on classical computer.

Fig 1. The hybrid architecture between classical and quantum computers.

Naturally quantum algorithms are the hybrid algorithms that consist of a classical and a quantum component. However, the quantum part of the manu algorithm is probabilistic, often they need multiple runs to get desired result. The complete cycle of the hybrid architecture for the quantum algorithms will be done as follows:

Pre-calculate certain classical factors (initialize and run the classical part of the algorithm)
Running the quantum algorithm by the quantum circuit
- Initialize the quantum node (Initialize quantum circuit and define all gates, switches and unitary function)
- Prepare inputs state (store inputs on target and control registers)
- Execute the quantum portion of the algorithm (Apply gates and unitary transformation on input data)
- Measure the output of Machine State (Measure the output registers of the quantum circuit)
- Evaluate Measurement (If have the desired result, then doing post-processing in step 3)
- Exit if desired result (If solution found then exit from quantum circuit, else repeat step 2)
Finish post-processing (Run the second classical part of the algorithm)

Fig 2.

Steps 1 and 3 were executed on classical computers and step 2 was executed on quantum computers by quantum circuits. Measuring and evaluating the quantum circuit in steps 2(e) and 2(f) can be done on classical computers. The diagram in Fig. 3 shows the development of a general plan of hybrid architecture for the quantum algorithms and being simulated on classical computers. The quantum circuit is simulated on a classical computer.

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