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Traffic Management using Dwave by Volkswagen

admin — Wed, 16 Jun 2021 18:18:27 +0000

The Volkswagen Group is the world’s first automaker to extensively evaluate the use of quantum computers in its vehicles. Towards this effort, Volkswagen is colloborating with specialist quantum computing company, D-Wave Systems. The two companies announced their cooperation at CeBIT 2017. In a first research project, IT experts from Volkswagen have successfully developed and tested an algorithm for traffic flow optimization on a D-Wave quantum computer.

During the Web Summit conference 2019 Lisbon, Portugal, Volkswagen AG has successfully developed and demonstrated first live use of quantum computing to optimize traffic routing. They demonstrated the traffic management system using nine public transport buses to calculate the fastest travel routes in real time. The system was powered by D-Wave quantum computer and developed by Volkswagen scientists in United States and Germany.

Owing to exponential increase in volume of traffic in last 2 decades, advanced computing and state-of-the art apps such as Google map successfully provides routing options based live traffic volumes and possible routes. However, these calculations does not include many other vehicles choices (such as temporary stop signals or lane close) that can influence navigation. Taking those inputs from other vehicles to create new optimized routes may create a cascading effect. It will further lead to traffic congestion in new optimized routes thereby making them an inefficient choice for the motorists.

The traffic in major cities is highly complex due to large number of road, commuters, vehicles, to name a few. It will be impossible for conventional computer to create optimized routes on the fly. Depending on number of variables in this traffic management system, the world most powerful supercomputer will take thousands of year to calculate the optimized route.

For this traffic management system, Scientists used classical machine learning to predict the flow of traffic and to optimize the distribution of vehicles. These drivers of these nine buses (Quantum Shuttle) used tablets for real time update of routes in order to prevent traffic jam. The route had 26 stops to drop guests off at the Conference venue and interestingly enough, these drivers were able to avoid the traffic jams before they arose.

Volkswagen’s system relies on D-Wave quantum annealer, a different kind of machine than the universal quantum computers under development by other firms, including google. Quantum annealer is capable in solving specific distribution problems, and traffic optimization is one of them.

The Traffic management system developed by Volkswagen is to optimize traffic of any volume and when ready can be potentially, used in any city around the world. Volkswagen plans to make this traffic management system market-ready and offer it to transport, taxi companies and fleet operators.

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Search Engine using Quantum Realm Sounds Interesting!

admin — Thu, 10 Jun 2021 18:11:13 +0000

Internet search engines are “go to” place for browsing users, but it’s the “how” part of these engines that is most exciting, not much known and least paid attention by users. A list of Web pages, organized by relevance, pops up on any word or phrase search. Behind the scenes, complex algorithm using involved data sets are used to figure out exactly what qualifies as most relevant Web page for a particular search. An example is Google that uses page ranking algorithm rumored to be the largest numerical calculation carried out anywhere in the world.

On an average, a user spends around 38 minutes daily to search for effective contents meeting his/her needs. However, technology is evolving fast thanks to scientists/engineer for creating entirely new computing paradigm where memory-size and speed is far beyond the reach of any other computer available. This coupled with advancements of search algorithms will continue to provide ever more meaningful search result or, as it’s called, to provide the point answer of search query. It is assumed that Google search will become an effective way to use technology for acquiring/updating user knowledge base.

minutes every day

Google search accept queries as normal text as well as individual keywords, giving back results against search query is a complex task. Google’s search algorithm PageRank patented by Larry Page in 1998, was similar to site-scoring algorithm Rankdex developed by Robin Li in 1996. Li moved to China and built hugely successful Baidu leveraging Rankdex.

As the Internet continues to grow, the time and resources needed to run the calculation which is done daily grow with it. Every google search consumes 1KJ of energy.

Following are some important Google Search metrics:

The average time for the first click is 14.6 secs
65% of searches end on the first page of Google
Remaining 35% users tries for new query with similar keywords for relevant search result
0.44% of the user visit second page of search result

The above statistic can make user easily draw that conclusion that effective search algorithm and crawling is yet to be introduced? Another inference can be the computational limit with which algorithm has to work? Here come quantum computers comes to save our day. A quantum computer is million times faster than world’s most powerful supercomputer. As opposed to traditional computer bits, which can encode distinctly either a one or a zero, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can encode a one and a zero at the same time. This property known as superposition gives an edge to quantum computers to perform certain calculations much faster than traditional computers.

Search engines using Quantum Computing

Even though classical PageRank computation time scales modestly with the problem size n, in practice its evaluation for the actual WWW already takes weeks, a time which can only be expected to grow if current computational methods remain the norm, given the rapid pace of expansion of the web. Furthermore, it is often desirable to have multiple personalization vectors, which means that more than one PageRank needs to be evaluated for each WWW graph instance. Considering also the fact that the web-graph is an evolving dynamic entity, it is clear that it is important to speed up the computation of the PageRank in order to provide up-to-date results from the ranking algorithm.

Currently, there is no quantum computer in the world anywhere near large enough to run Google’s page ranking algorithm for the entire Web. To simulate how a quantum computer might perform, the researchers generated models of the Web that simulated a few thousand Web pages.

The simulation showed that a quantum computer could, in principle, return the ranking of the most important pages in the Web faster than traditional computers, and that this quantum speedup would improve the more pages needed to be ranked.

Further, the researchers showed that to simply determine whether the Web’s page rankings should be updated, a quantum computer would be able to spit out a yes-or-no answer exponentially faster than a traditional computer.

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Quantum Supremacy Google And USTC(China)

admin — Fri, 14 May 2021 07:00:44 +0000

What is Quantum Supremacy?

An experimental demonstration of quantum computer’s dominance and advantage over classical computer by performing calculations that was impossible. To confirm that quantum supremacy has been achieved, computer scientists must be able to show that a classical computer could never have solved the problem while also proving that the quantum computer can perform the calculation quickly.

Computer scientists hope that quantum supremacy will lead to the cracking of Shor’s algorithm — a currently impossible calculation that is the basis of most modern cryptography — as well as advantages in drug development, weather forecasts, stock trades and material designs.

Applications of quantum supremacy

Some people believe a quantum computer that achieves quantum supremacy could be the most disruptive new technology since the Intel 4004 microprocessor was invented in 1971. Certain professions and areas of business will be significantly impacted by quantum supremacy. Examples include:

The ability to perform more complex simulations on a larger scale will provide companies with improved efficiency, deeper insight and better forecasting, thus improving optimization processes.
Enhanced simulations that model complex quantum systems, such as biological molecules, would be possible.
Combining quantum computing with artificial intelligence (AI) could make AI immensely smarter than it is now.
New customized drugs, chemicals and materials can be designed, modeled and modified to help cultivate new pharmaceutical, commercial or business products.
The ability to factor extremely large numbers could break current, long-standing forms of encryption.

Overall, quantum supremacy could start a new market for devices that have the potential to boost AI, intricately model molecular interactions and financial systems, improve weather forecasts and crack previously impossible codes.

Experiments Performed

Google-Nasa 2019
USTC China 2020

Google-Nasa 2019 Sycamore Processor Experiment

Take an example of newbie, created basic Computer algorithm which in Quantum computing at this stage is a model/circuit of 1000’s of Quantum logic gates. As there is no structure in random circuits that classical algorithm can exploits and emulation of that circuit will take a huge effort of modern superComputer.
Each run of Quantum circuit on a Quantum Computer produces a bitstring (0001000). Due to some Quantum interference some bitstring are much more likely to occur than others when experiment is repeated.
Finding exact bitstring for a random circuit becomes exponentially difficult on classical Computer as number of qubits and number of gate cycles/depth grows.
Firstly a simplified circuit of 12 to 53 qubits while keeping circuit depth constant ,post verifying system conditions,
Random hard circuits with 53 qubits and increased depth till the point classical simulation became infeasible.
Result of this experiment of first experimental challenge against extended Church-Turing Thesis which states that classical Computers can efficiently implement any “reasonable” model of computation.
Success was due to using new type of control nob that is able to turn off interaction between neighbouring systems to reduce errors.
New control calibration was developed to avoid qubit defects.

Jiuzhang- Boson Sampling USTC Experiment

Generates a distribution number that is exceedingly difficult for a classical Computer to replicate
Firstly photons are sent into a network channels ,then photons are encountered a series of beam splitters ,each of which sends the photon down two path simultaneously, called a Quantum superposition
Paths also merged together and repeated splitting and merging causes the photon to interfere with one another according to Quantum rules.
At end number of photons in each of the output channels is measured.
When repeated many times, this process produces a distribution of number based how many photons were found in each output.
If operated with large number of photons and many channels, the Quantum Computer will produce a distribution of number that is too complex for a classical Computer to calculate.
Limitation of Jiuzhang: It can perform only a single type of task i.e. Boson Sampling while Google’s Quantum Computer can be programmed to execute variety of algorithm, but on the other hand including Xanadu’s are programmable.

Google-Nasa 2019 Sycamore Processor Experiment

Jiuzhang- Boson Sampling USTC (China) Experiment

Google-Nasa 2019 Sycamore Processor Experiment

Jiuzhang- Boson Sampling USTC (China) Experiment

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